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Reference Tables for Physical Setting/CHEMISTRY

2011 Edition

Table A

Table D

Standard Temperature and Pressure

Selected Units

Name

Value

Unit

Symbol

Name

Quantity

Standard Pressure

101.3 kPa

kilopascal

meter

length

1 atm

atmosphere

gram

mass

Standard Temperature

273 K

kelvin

pascal

pressure

0°C

degree Celsius

kelvin

temperature

amount of

mol

mole

substance

Table B

energy, work,

joule

Physical Constants for Water

quantity of heat

second

time

Heat of Fusion

334 J/g

min

minute

time

Heat of Vaporization

2260 J/g

hour

time

Specific Heat Capacity of H₂O( )

4.18 J/g•K

day

time

year

time

liter

volume

Table C

ppm

parts per million

concentration

Selected Prefixes

solution

molarity

concentration

Factor

Prefix

Symbol

10³

kilo-

atomic mass unit

atomic mass

10^-1

deci-

10^-2

centi-

10^-3

milli-

10^-6

micro-

10^-9

nano-

10^-12

pico-

Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Chemistry - 2011 Edition

Table E

Selected Polyatomic Ions

Formula

Name

Formula

Name

H₃O⁺

hydronium

Cr O_42-

chromate

Hg₂₂₊

mercury(I)

Cr₂O_72-

dichromate

NH₄₊

ammonium

MnO_4-

permanganate

C₂H₃O_2-

NO_2-

nitrite

acetate

CH₃COO^-}

NO_3-

nitrate

CN^-

cyanide

O_22-

peroxide

CO_32-

carbonate

OH^-

hydroxide

HCO_3-

hydrogen

PO_43-

phosphate

carbonate

SCN^-

thiocyanate

C₂O_42-

oxalate

ClO^-

hypochlorite

SO_32-

sulfite

ClO_2-

chlorite

SO_42-

sulfate

ClO_3-

chlorate

HSO_4-

hydrogen sulfate

ClO_4-

perchlorate

S₂O_32-

thiosulfate

Table F

Solubility Guidelines for Aqueous Solutions

Ions That Form

Soluble Compounds

Exceptions

Insoluble Compounds*

Exceptions

Group 1 ions

carbonate (CO_32-)

when combined with Group 1

(Li⁺, Na⁺, etc.)

ions or ammonium (NH₄₊)

ammonium (NH₄₊)

chromate (CrO_42-)

when combined with Group 1

ions, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, or

nitrate (NO_3-)

ammonium (NH₄₊)

acetate (C₂H₃O_2- or

phosphate (PO_43-)

when combined with Group 1

CH₃COO^-)

ions or ammonium (NH₄₊)

hydrogen carbonate

sulfide (S^2-)

when combined with Group 1

(HCO_3-)

ions or ammonium (NH₄₊)

chlorate (ClO_3-)

hydroxide (OH^-)

when combined with Group 1

halides (Cl^-, Br^-, I^-)

when combined with

ions, Ca²⁺, Ba²⁺, Sr²⁺, or

Ag⁺, Pb²⁺, or Hg2

ammonium (NH₄₊)

sulfates (SO_42-)

when combined with Ag⁺,

*compounds having very low solubility in H₂O

Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺, or Pb²⁺

Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Chemistry - 2011 Edition

Table I

Table J

Heats of Reaction at 101.3 kPa and 298 K

Activity Series**

Reaction

ΔH (kJ)*

Most

Metals

Nonmetals

Most

Active

CH₄(g) + 2O₂(g)

CO₂(g) + 2H₂O( )

-890.4

F₂

C₃H₈(g) + 5O₂(g)

3CO₂(g) + 4H₂O( )

-2219.2

Cl₂

2C₈H₁₈( ) + 25O₂(g)

16CO₂(g) + 18H₂O( )

-10943

Br₂

2CH₃OH( ) + 3O₂(g)

2CO₂(g) + 4H₂O( )

-1452

C₂H₅OH( ) + 3O₂(g)

2CO₂(g) + 3H₂O( )

-1367

C₆H₁₂O₆(s) + 6O₂(g)

6CO₂(g) + 6H

O( )

-2804

2CO(g) + O₂(g)

2CO₂(g)

-566.0

C(s) + O₂(g)

CO₂(g)

-393.5

4Al(s) + 3O₂(g)

2Al₂O₃(s)

-3351

N₂(g) + O₂(g)

2NO(g)

+182.6

N₂(g) + 2O₂(g)

2NO₂(g)

+66.4

2H₂(g) + O₂(g)

2H₂O(g)

-483.6

2H₂(g) + O₂(g)

2H₂O( )

-571.6

N₂(g) + 3H₂(g)

2NH₃(g)

-91.8

2C(s) + 3H₂(g)

C₂H₆(g)

-84.0

2C(s) + 2H₂(g)

C₂H₄(g)

+52.4

2C(s) + H₂(g)

C₂H₂(g)

+227.4

H₂(g) + I₂(g)

2HI(g)

+53.0

KNO₃(s) H2O K+(aq) + NO

^-(aq)

+34.89

NaOH(s) H2O Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)

-44.51

H₂

NH₄Cl(s) H2O NH

⁺(aq) + Cl^-(aq)

+14.78

+25.69

4NO3(s) H2O NH4+(aq) + NO3-(aq)

NaCl(s) H2O Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

+3.88

Least

Active

LiBr(s) H2O Li⁺(aq) + Br^-(aq)

-48.83

H⁺(aq) + OH^-(aq)

H₂O( )

-55.8

**Activity Series is based on the hydrogen

standard. H₂ is not a metal.

* The ΔH values are based on molar quantities represented in the equations.

A minus sign indicates an exothermic reaction.

Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Chemistry - 2011 Edition

Table K

Table N

Common Acids

Selected Radioisotopes

Formula

Name

Nuclide

Half-Life

Decay

Nuclide

Mode

Name

HCl(aq)

hydrochloric acid

¹⁹⁸Au

2.695 d

β^-

gold-198

HNO₂(aq)

nitrous acid

¹⁴C

5715 y

β^-

carbon-14

HNO₃(aq)

nitric acid

³⁷Ca

182 ms

β⁺

calcium-37

H₂SO₃(aq)

sulfurous acid

⁶⁰Co

5.271 y

β^-

cobalt-60

H₂SO₄(aq)

sulfuric acid

¹³⁷Cs

30.2 y

β^-

cesium-137

H₃PO₄(aq)

phosphoric acid

⁵³Fe

8.51 min

β⁺

iron-53

H₂CO₃(aq)

carbonic acid

²²⁰Fr

27.4 s

francium-220

CO₂(aq)

³H

12.31 y

β^-

hydrogen-3

CH₃COOH(aq)

ethanoic acid

¹³¹I

8.021 d

β^-

iodine-131

(acetic acid)

HC₂H₃O₂(aq)

³⁷K

1.23 s

β⁺

potassium-37

⁴²K

12.36 h

β^-

potassium-42

⁸⁵Kr

10.73 y

β^-

krypton-85

Table L

Common Bases

¹⁶N

7.13 s

β^-

nitrogen-16

¹⁹Ne

17.22 s

β⁺

neon-19

Formula

Name

³²P

14.28 d

β^-

phosphorus-32

NaOH(aq)

sodium hydroxide

²³⁹Pu

2.410 × 10⁴ y

plutonium-239

KOH(aq)

potassium hydroxide

²²⁶Ra

1599 y

radium-226

Ca(OH)₂(aq)

calcium hydroxide

²²²Rn

3.823 d

radon-222

NH₃(aq)

aqueous ammonia

⁹⁰Sr

29.1 y

β^-

strontium-90

2.13 × 10⁵ y

β^-

technetium-99

Table M

²³²Th

1.40 × 10¹⁰ y

thorium-232

Common Acid-Base Indicators

²³³U

1.592 × 10⁵ y

uranium-233

Approximate

²³⁵U

7.04 × 10⁸ y

uranium-235

Indicator

pH Range

Color

for Color

Change

²³⁸U

4.47 × 10⁹ y

uranium-238

Change

Source: CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 91st ed., 2010-2011,

CRC Press

methyl orange

3.1-4.4

red to yellow

bromthymol blue

6.0-7.6

yellow to blue

phenolphthalein

8-9

colorless to pink

litmus

4.5-8.3

red to blue

bromcresol green

3.8-5.4

yellow to blue

thymol blue

8.0-9.6

yellow to blue

Source: The Merck Index, 14^th ed., 2006, Merck Publishing Group

Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Chemistry - 2011 Edition

Table O

Symbols Used in Nuclear Chemistry

Name

Notation

Symbol

alpha particle

2He or 2α

beta particle

β^-

-1e

-1β

gamma radiation

0γ

neutron

proton

1H or 1p

positron

β⁺

+1e

+1β

Table P

Organic Prefixes

Prefix

Number of

Carbon Atoms

meth-

eth-

prop-

but-

pent-

hex-

hept-

oct-

non-

dec-

Table Q

Homologous Series of Hydrocarbons

General

Examples

Name

Formula

Name

Structural Formula

alkanes

C_nH2n+2

ethane

C C

H H

alkenes

C_nH2n

ethene

C C

alkynes

C_nH2n-2

ethyne

H C C H

Note: n = number of carbon atoms

Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Chemistry - 2011 Edition

Table R

Organic Functional Groups

Class of

Functional

General

Example

Compound

Group

Formula

F (fluoro-)

R X

halide

Cl (chloro-)

(X represents

CH₃CHClCH₃

(halocarbon)

Br (bromo-)

any halogen)

2-chloropropane

I (iodo-)

CH₃CH₂CH₂OH

alcohol

1-propanol

CH₃OCH₂CH₃

ether

O R′

methyl ethyl ether

aldehyde

CH₃CH₂C H

C H

propanal

ketone

CH₃CCH₂CH₂CH₃

C R′

2-pentanone

organic acid

CH₃CH₂C OH

C OH

propanoic acid

ester

CH₃CH₂COCH₃

C O

C O R′

methyl propanoate

R′

CH₃CH₂CH₂NH₂

amine

N R′′

1-propanamine

O R′

amide

CH₃CH₂C NH₂

C NH

propanamide

Note: R represents a bonded atom or group of atoms.

Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Chemistry - 2011 Edition

Table T

Important Formulas and Equations

d = density

Density

d =

m = mass

V = volume

given mass

Mole Calculations

number of moles =

gram-formula mass

measured value - accepted value

Percent Error

% error =

× 100

accepted value

mass of part

Percent Composition

% composition by mass =

× 100

mass of whole

mass of solute

parts per million =

× 1000000

mass of solution

Concentration

moles of solute

molarity =

liter of solution

P = pressure

P₁V₁

P₂V₂

Combined Gas Law

V = volume

T₁

T₂

T = temperature

MA = molarity of H+MB = molarity of OH-

Titration

MAVA = MBVB

VA = volume of acid

VB = volume of base

q = mCΔT

q = heat

H_f = heat of fusion

Heat

q = mH_f

m = mass

H_v = heat of vaporization

q = mH_v

C = specific heat capacity

ΔT = change in temperature

K = °C + 273

K = kelvin

Temperature

°C = degree Celsius

DET 609 ADU

Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Chemistry - 2011 Edition