THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK • THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT • ALBANY, NY 12234
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/PHYSICS
2006 Edition
P
List of Physical Constants
Name
Symbol
Value
Universal gravitational constant
G
6.67 × 10-11 N•m2/kg2
Acceleration due to gravity
g
9.81 m/s2
Speed of light in a vacuum
c
3.00 ×
108 m/s
Speed of sound in air at STP
3.31 ×
102 m/s
Mass of Earth
5.98 ×
1024 kg
Mass of the Moon
7.35 ×
1022 kg
Mean radius of Earth
6.37 ×
106 m
Mean radius of the Moon
1.74 ×
106 m
Mean distance—Earth to the Moon
3.84 ×
108 m
Mean distance—Earth to the Sun
1.50 ×
1011 m
Electrostatic constant
k
8.99 ×
109 N•m2/C2
1 elementary charge
e
1.60 ×
10-19 C
1 coulomb (C)
6.25 ×
1018 elementary charges
1 electronvolt (eV)
1.60 ×
10-19 J
Planck’s constant
h
6.63 ×
10-34 J•s
1 universal mass unit (u)
9.31 ×
102 MeV
Rest mass of the electron
me
9.11 ×
10-31 kg
Rest mass of the proton
mp
1.67 ×
10-27 kg
Rest mass of the neutron
mn
1.67 ×
10-27 kg
Prefixes for Powers of 10
Approximate Coefficients of Friction
Prefix
Symbol
Notation
Kinetic Static
tera
T
1012
Rubber on concrete (dry)
0.68
0.90
giga
G
109
Rubber on concrete (wet)
0.58
mega
M
106
Rubber on asphalt (dry)
0.67
0.85
kilo
k
103
Rubber on asphalt (wet)
0.53
deci
d
10-1
Rubber on ice
0.15
centi
c
10-2
Waxed ski on snow
0.05
0.14
milli
m
10-3
Wood on wood
0.30
0.42
micro
µ
10-6
Steel on steel
0.57
0.74
Copper on steel
0.36
0.53
nano
n
10-9
Teflon on Teflon
0.04
pico
p
10-12
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Wavelength in a vacuum (m)
10-13
10-12
10-11
10-10
10-9
10-8
10-7
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
101
102
103
104
X rays
Microwaves
Long Radio Waves
TV,
Gamma Rays
Ultraviolet
Infrared
AM
FM
Radio Waves
1021
1020
1019
1018
1017
1016 1015
1014
1013
1012
1011
1010
109
108
107
106
105
Frequency (Hz)
Visible Light
(not to scale)
Violet
Blue
Green
Yellow
Orange
Red
Absolute Indices of Refraction
(f = 5.09 × 1014 Hz)
Air
1.00
Corn oil
1.47
Diamond
2.42
Ethyl alcohol
1.36
Glass, crown
1.52
Glass, flint
1.66
Glycerol
1.47
Lucite
1.50
Quartz, fused
1.46
Sodium chloride
1.54
Water
1.33
Zircon
1.92
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Physics 2006 Edition
Page 2
Energy Level Diagrams
Hydrogen
Mercury
Level
Energy (eV)
Level
Energy (eV)
Ionization
n = ∞
0.00
n = 6
-0.38
n = 5
-0.54
n = 4
-0.85
n = 3
-1.51
Ionization
j
0.00
n = 2
-3.40
i
-1.56
h
-1.57
g
-2.48
f
-2.68
e
-3.71
-4.95
d
c
-5.52
b
-5.74
Ground State
Ground State
n = 1
-13.60
a
-10.38
Energy Levels for the Hydrogen Atom
A Few Energy Levels for the Mercury Atom
Classification of Matter
Particles of the Standard Model
Quarks
Matter
Name
up
charm
top
Symbol
u
c
t
Charge
+2e
+2e
+2e
3
3
3
Hadrons
Leptons
down
strange
bottom
d
s
b
–1 e
-1 e
-1 e
3
3
3
Baryons
Mesons
Leptons
electron
muon
tau
e
µ
τ
–1e
-1e
-1e
three
quark and
quarks
antiquark
electron
muon
tau
neutrino
neutrino
neutrino
νe
νµ
ντ
0
0
0
Note: For each particle, there is a corresponding antiparticle with a
charge opposite that of its associated particle.
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Physics 2006 Edition
Page
3
Electricity
kq1q2
Fe
=
A = cross-sectional area
r2
E = electric field strength
Fe
E =
Fe = electrostatic force
q
I = current
W
V =
k = electrostatic constant
q
L = length of conductor
∆q
I =
P = electrical power
t
q = charge
V
R =
I
R = resistance
Req= equivalent resistance
ρL
r = distance between centers
R =
A
t = time
V2
P = VI = I2R =
V = potential difference
R
W = work (electrical energy)
V2t
W = Pt = VIt = I2Rt =
∆ = change
R
ρ = resistivity
Series Circuits
Parallel Circuits
I = I1 = I2 = I3 = . . .
I = I1 + I2 + I3 + . . .
V = V1 + V2 + V3 + . . .
V = V1 = V2 = V3 = . . .
1
1
1
1
Req = R1 + R2 + R3 + . . .
=
+
+
+ . . .
Req
R1
R2
R
3
Circuit Symbols
Resistivities at 20°C
cell
Material
Resistivity (Ω•m)
battery
Aluminum
2.82 × 10-8
switch
Copper
1.72 × 10-8
Gold
2.44 × 10-8
V
voltmeter
Nichrome
150. × 10-8
A
ammeter
Silver
1.59 × 10-8
resistor
Tungsten
5.60 × 10-8
variable resistor
lamp
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Physics 2006 Edition
Page 4
Waves
v = f λ
c = speed of light in a vacuum
1
f = frequency
T =
f
n = absolute index of refraction
θi = θr
T = period
c
n =
v = velocity or speed
v
λ = wavelength
n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2
θ = angle
n2
v1
λ1
θi = angle of incidence
=
=
n1
v2
λ2
θr = angle of reflection
Modern Physics
hc
Ephoton = hf =
c = speed of light in a vacuum
λ
E = energy
Ephoton = Ei - Ef
f = frequency
E = mc2
h = Planck’s constant
m = mass
λ = wavelength
Geometry and Trigonometry
Rectangle
A = area
A = bh
b = base
C = circumference
Triangle
h = height
A = 1bh
2
r = radius
Circle
A = πr2
C = 2πr
Right Triangle
c2 = a2 + b2
a
sin θ =
c
c
a
b
cos θ =
c
90°
θ
tan θ = a
b
b
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Physics 2006 Edition
Page
5
Mechanics
d
a = acceleration
v =
t
ac = centripetal acceleration
A = any vector quantity
∆v
a =
t
d = displacement or distance
vf = vi + at
ET = total energy
F = force
d = vit + 1at2
2
Fc
= centripetal force
vf2 = vi2 + 2ad
Ff = force of friction
Ay = A sin θ
Fg = weight or force due to gravity
FN
= normal force
Ax = A cos θ
Fnet = net force
Fnet
a =
Fs = force on a spring
m
g = acceleration due to gravity or
Ff = µFN
gravitational field strength
Gm1m2
G = universal gravitational constant
Fg =
r2
h = height
Fg
J = impulse
g =
m
k = spring constant
p = mv
KE = kinetic energy
m = mass
pbefore = pafter
p = momentum
J = Fnet t = ∆p
P = power
Fs = kx
PE = potential energy
= potential energy stored in a spring
PEs
PEs = 1kx2
2
Q = internal energy
Fc = mac
r = radius or distance between centers
2
v
t = time interval
ac =
r
v = velocity or speed
∆PE = mg∆h
= average velocity or average speed
v
W = work
KE = 1mv2
2
x = change in spring length from the
W = Fd = ∆ET
equilibrium position
∆ = change
ET = PE + KE + Q
θ = angle
W
Fd
P =
=
= F
v
µ = coefficient of friction
t
t
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Physics 2006 Edition
Page 6
DET 615 96-05540 96-040 CDC
